Radiation therapist exposure in extreme conditions radiation worker limit exposure limit usa 50 msv europe 20 msv however, under extreme conditions of imrt operation, i. One rad is equal to the radiation necessary to deposit energy of 100 ergs in 1 g of irradiated material 100ergsg. Sound and visible light are familiar forms of radiation. People are exposed to natural sources of ionizing radiation, such as in soil, water, and vegetation, as well as in humanmade sources, such as xrays and medical devices. The chance of developing cancer, not the seriousness of the cancer, increases as the radiation dose increases. Example uses of radiation hazard scale in displaying environmental data. Ionizing radiation has many beneficial applications, including uses. The next two sections on this page provide a starting point for recognizing hazards from radiation emitting equipment or devices. The higher the radiation dose, the greater the chance of developing cancer. Nonionizing radiations sources, biological effects. Uv energy stimulates vitamin d production in our bodies and is a treatment for psoriasis, but can also cause skin cancer, sunburns and cataracts. Hazards of ultraviolet radiation ultraviolet uv radiation is electromagnetic energy with a wavelength just shorter than that of visible light. Cbrne chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, or explosive.
In sufficiently high doses, radiation can cause sickness and death. Hazards occupational hygiene is generally defined as the art and science dedicated to the anticipation, recognition, evaluation, communication and control of environmental stressors in, or arising from, the work place that may result in injury, illness, impairment, or affect the wellbeing of workers and members of the community. Potential health hazards for the radiation therapist. Survey radiation hazards in order to comply with the standard 1910. Pdf occupational hazards among medical radiation workers. Osha standards cover all workers in the private sector, as well as civilian employees of most federal entities. Atoms are a million times thinner than a single strand of human hair, and are composed of even smaller particles some of which are electrically charged. Ionizing radiation causes health hazards to human beings if exposed to it. Knowledge of the harmful biological effects of ionizing radiation is naturally of vital importance to the radiologist.
Ionizing radiation can damage living tissue in the human body. Health and safety planning guide for protecting responders. The next two sections on this page provide a starting point for recognizing hazards from radiationemitting equipment or devices. Ionizing highenergy radiation is particularly dangerous because it can cause severe damage to humans. The kind of radiation discussed in this document is called ionizing radiation because it can produce charged particles ions in. Section 1 emergencies involving radiation radiation safety manual page 14 1. Cancers caused by radiation do not appear until years after the radiation exposure. All life has evolved in an environment filled with radiation. Ionizing radiation can affect the atoms in living things, so it poses a health risk by damaging tissue and dna in genes. While there are other, less energetic, types of nonionizing radiation including radio waves, microwavesand visible light, this booklet is about ionizing radiation. When we think of radiation we may immediately think of only dangerous and harmful things. Aug 01, 2016 the study comprised of administration of standardized semistructured pretested questionnaire to obtain information on sociodemographic characteristics, knowledge of radiation hazards, and radiation protection practices of participants, clinical assessment comprising of chest xray, abdominal ultrasound and laboratory investigation on. It is his responsibility to recognize the inherent hazards and to take steps to minimize them, since they threaten the health of those engaged in the use of radiological technics for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Ionizingradiation causes health hazards to human beings if exposed to it.
This was a descriptive crosssectional study with purposive sampling technique conducted. The operator of an analytical xray machine should never become. Some examples of radiation include sunlight, radio waves, xrays, heat, alpha, beta, gamma ionizing radiation, and infrared, just to name a few. Nonionizing radiation originates from various sources. Sometimes drinking large quantities of liquids can relieve symptoms and also dilutes activity. Radiation, some chemicals, certain drugs legal and illegal, cigarettes, some viruses, and alcohol are examples of reproductive hazards. Health and safety planning guide for protecting responders following a nuclear detonation. It strips away electrons from atoms breaks some chemical bonds. Their main duty is to ensure that work is carried out without hazard to the health of the people involved. Nuclear radiation and health effects updated june 2010 z natural sources account for most of the radiation we all receive each year. Radiation is energy that comes from a source and travels through space and may be able to penetrate various materials in its path.
This is another way to present the causes of a disaster. The effects of workplace hazards on female reproductive. Radiation hazards an overview sciencedirect topics. Disasters can be seen as occurring at the interface between hazards and vulnerable conditions. However, at times the damage is so severe and widespread that repair is impossible.
Ensure that occupational dose limits are not exceeded 1910. This volume 100d covers radiation, specifically solar and ultraviolet radiation, x and radiation, neutron radiation, internalized particle emitting radionuclides, and internalized particle emitting radionuclides. Since the late 19th century, the use of radiation has increased significantly in medicine, the military, food preparation, power generation, and industry. This pamphlet focuses on reproductive hazards in the workplace that affect women and their ability to have healthy children. Frequency is measured by counting the number of waves that pass a. In larger organizations, the control of radiation hazards is the responsibility of specialists known as health physicists or, sometimes, health chemists. When people hear the word radiation, they often think of atomic energy, nuclear power and radioactivity, but radiation has many other forms. Knowledge of radiation hazards, radiation protection. Radiation health effects ionizing radiation ionizing radiation radiation with so much energy it can knock electrons out of atoms. The objectives of this study were to identify physical health hazards in all departments of alazhar university hospital in new damietta, to measure risk level of these hazards, and to recognize safety measures in these departments. Health hazards of radiation an unprotected person in the accident place may in a short time receive such a great radiation dose that it has an immediate effect on the persons health. Hazards of operating machine sources of xrays the radiation from xray machines can be very dangerous, and such danger should not be minimized. Not all of these types of radiation are harmful, in fact, in. If people are contaminated with nuclear fallout, selfdecontamination can rapidly decrease radiation hazard from category 5 to category 2 or 1.
Radiation is a process of emitting energy in the form of particles or waves. In this weeks tail gate safety topic, we discuss what radiation is, its hazards, and what you should know if you work where radiation is used. Detonation of an improvised nuclear device ind download pdf. Light, radio, and microwaves are types of radiation that are called nonionizing.
The study comprised of administration of standardized semistructured pretested questionnaire to obtain information on sociodemographic characteristics, knowledge of radiation hazards, and radiation protection practices of participants, clinical assessment comprising of chest xray, abdominal ultrasound and laboratory investigation on. Beta radiation beta emitters are internal radiation hazards when taken inside the body. Frequency is measured by counting the number of waves that pass a fixed point in one second. Many people think radiation is some type of chemical or gas. Safety and health topics ionizing radiation standards. The photon energies of rf electromagnetic waves are not great enough to cause the ionization of atoms and molecules and rf energy is, therefore, characterized as nonionizing radiation, along with visible light, infrared radiation and other forms of electromagnetic radiation with relatively low frequencies. Radiation hazards radiation hazard radhaz describes the hazards of electromagnetic radiation to fuels, electronic hardware, ordnance, and personnel.
The study includes investiga tion of electromagnetic radiation from highvoltage electric lines in inhabited areas in an urban. However, a general fear of radioactivity and radiation exists in. The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of occupational hazards among medical radiation workers in northern nigeria. Ionizing radiation ionizing radiationradiation with so much energy it can knock electrons out of atoms.
Some people are more likely to develop cancer from radiation exposure than. Hazards of ultraviolet radiation uvm risk management and. Medical attention if the individual experiences nausea, discomfort of the mucous membranes, or other acute reactions, seek medical attention. Beta particles can be stopped by the walls of a room or by a sheet of plastic about 1. Ionizing radiation, health effects and protective measures. In reality, the word radiation refers to any transfer of energy through space from a source. State and local government employees are covered if they are in one of the 28 states and two territories that operate their own oshaapproved state. M e sse n g e dangers of r u r y radiation exposure r c m e t o. Introduction to radiation canadian nuclear safety commission. Do you know the hazards of radiation and how to protect against them.
Questions and answers about biological effects and potential. When the beta particle is slowed down or stopped, secondary x radiation known as bremsstrahlung may be produced. Radiation is energy in the form of waves or streams of particles. Information for health care providers 318 kb, pdf learn about exposure to ionizing radiation, veteran populations who may be affected, diseases and illnesses associated with exposure, how to talk to your patients about exposure, and the support and services available. Ionizing radiation is a type of energy released by atoms in the form of electromagnetic waves or particles. Observation of measures allows continued applications of radiation for whatever purpose throughout the world. Nuclear regulatory commission, nrc, such as xray equipment. Direct exposure to radiation and radiation emitters radionuclides can affect the whole body while inhalation or ingestion affects tissues inside the body. Ionising radiation april, 2012 1 introduction radiation1 is used in many fields of human endeavour. Enforcement m embers are considered exposed to radiation when. Feb 27, 2019 please use one of the following formats to cite this article in your essay, paper or report. Natural origin such as sunlight or lightning discharges etc. Aug 17, 2012 one rad is equal to the radiation necessary to deposit energy of 100 ergs in 1 g of irradiated material 100ergsg.
The body attempts to repair the damage caused by the radiation. Radiation health effects radiation protection us epa. Radiation hazards in the practice of radiology radiology. Evaluation of awareness on radiation protection and hazards.
Safety and health topics ionizing radiation hazards and. On the other hand, there is no reason to be afraid to operate these machines after receiving proper training and instructions. Data has shown that a wholebody averaged sar of 4 wkg is acceptable, and subsequently the standard was set at 0. Radiation nonionizing ionizing low radio microwave infrared visible uv uv alpha frequency frequency beta a b c gamma xray largewavelength smallwavelength lowfrequency highfrequency figure 18. A great dose of radiation destroys a lot of cells and can be the cause of a radiation illness. A local radiation hazard situation can be caused by, for example, an accident when transporting radioactive substances. Radiation hazard scale centers for disease control and. Most of the highenergy radiation to which humans are exposed comes. Biological effects and health hazards of microwave radiation, proceedings on an international symposium, october, 1973.
The forces at work in radiation are revealed upon examining the structure of atoms. For information about a pamphlet describing male reproductive hazards. The radiation dose is measured in terms of roentgen, it is the quantity of xrays or gamma radiation which produces one electrostatic unit in one c. The radiation safety officer rso for duke university reports to the committee mcrsc and supervises the activities of the radiation safety division of the occupational. Disaster interface, hazards and vulnerability present and discuss. Fortunately, the cells in our bodies are extremely efficient at repairing this damage.
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